状语从句
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请看下面的句子：
1.He works hard.
2.He’s in need of money.
He works hard because he’s in need of money.他勤奋工作，因为他需要钱。
1.2 都是完整独立的简单句，两者都有因果关系。缺钱是工作的原因，于是用表示原因的连接词because加在2前。
状语从句：状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式
考点：状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。
一、时间状语从句
1. 时间状语从句中常用的引导词
释义
特点
从句的谓语v
动作
when
当……的时候
时间点/时间段
非延续性v/延续性v
动作可先后发生，也可同时发生
while
在……的期间
时间段
延续v
动作同时发生
as
一边……一边……
与……同时
两个动作同时发生/淡化时间
before
在……之前
时间点
主句动作发生在从句动作之前，从句不用否定式
after
在……之后
时间点
主句动作发生在从句动作之后
since
自从
若时间从该动作发生时算起，用非延续性v
若时间从该动作或结束时算起，用延续性v
by the time
到……为止
延续性v
until/till
直到
主句谓语延续性v，主句常用肯定形式
主句谓语非延续性v，主句常用否定形式
as soon as
一……就……
强调两个动作紧接着发生
2. 注意：when, while和as的区别
(1) when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示”就在那时”。
When she came in, I was eating. 她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。
(2) While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)
(3) As表示”一边…一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调”一先一后。
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示”一边…一边”)
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
3. 状语从句与主句的时态问题
(1)由when、while引导的时间状语从句的时态： （主过从过）
主句（过去进行时）+when +从句（一般过去）
主句（一般过去时）+when +从句（过去进行时）
主句（一般过去时）+while +从句（过去进行时）
主句（过去进行时）+while +从句（过去进行时）
注意：看动词为短暂性动词用一般过去时，动词为延续性动词则用过去进行时。
Mother was cooking supper when I got home yesterday.
Last Sunday I met Lin Hong when I was walking in the street.
When the students were having a meeting, the teacher came in.
While Han Meimei was sweeping the floor, Lucy was carrying water.
(2)由before和after引导的时间状语从句的时态：
Before从句动作发生在主句之后。
After从句动作发生在主句之前。
It will be four days before they come back.
他们要过四天才能回来。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.
我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.
你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.
完成工作之后，我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时)
(3) since引导的时间状语从句的时态：
表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.
自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。
(4) by the time所在句子的主句应用现在完成时或过去完成时
By the time he gets there, his father has already gone.
他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。
By the time I got to school, the class had already begun.
我到校时，已经开始上课了。
条件状语从句
在英文中，条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中的动作），其它事情（主句中的动作）才能发生。连接词主要有:
if如果
unless除非，若不，除非在……的时候
as/so long as只要, 等。
1.If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足。
2.You will get good grades if you study hard.
如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩。
3.You will be late unless you leave immediately.
如果你不马上走，你将会迟到的.(=If you don't leave immediately, you will be late.)
I don't care so [as] long as she lets me be with her son.
只要她让我和她儿子在一起，我不在乎。
用条件状语从句时要注意：从句要用一般现在时，主句是一般将来时。
地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词有where(在…..地方)，wherever(无论哪里地点状语，在任何地方)，everywhere(每一……地方，到处)，anywhere(任何地方)，where总是放在主句后，绝不提前。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
where引导的定语从句与状语从句区别：
Go back where you came from.你从何处来到何处去。（地点状语从句）
Go back to the place where you came from.回到你来的那个村子里去。（定语从句）
原因状语从句
由连词because, since, as引导（语气：because>since>as）, 也可由for, now that 等词引导
1.I didn't go to school yesterday because I was ill.
我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。
2. Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.
既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.
3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.
既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.
4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.
我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她.
5. Now that the children have cleaned up, you can let them go.
孩子们已经梳洗了，你可以让他们走了。
难点–because , since , as , for,辨析
1) because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因地点状语，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。语气：because>since>as
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since / As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
目的、结果状语从句
目的状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的状语从句。
目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so…that , in order that 引导。
1so…that如此…以至于
He always studied so hard that he made great progress.
他总是那么努力，所以他取得了很大的进步。
2. so that 以至于, 以便于
I'll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)
我将慢慢跑以至于你能赶上我。
3. such…that 如此…以至于
It's such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.
天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。
4. in order that=so that:为了
We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.
不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的)
5.比较:so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish /such a fool
so nice a flower /such a nice flower
so many / few flowers. such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people /such a lot of people
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
so+形容词或副词
So+adj+a(an)+单数可数名词
so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that
so+much或 little+不可数名词
so that, such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句，当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等词。
so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few;不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型:so many (few, much, little )+n.。
such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的，则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.
It is such nice weather that I'd like to take a walk.
天气是如此只好，以致于我想去散散步。
Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.
麦克是如此诚实的一个人，以致于大家都相信他。
让步状语从句
让步状语从句，是指状语从句中的一种，其本身也是状语从句。一般翻译为“尽管……”或“即使……”，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说…”的感觉。常用的引导词是：though，although， even if，even though； no matter+疑问词，疑问词+ever
1. though, although当“虽然”讲, 都不能和but连用. Although, (though)…but的格式是不对的，但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的。
Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.
Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
虽然他很富有，然而他并不快乐。
Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.
Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.
尽管我们已经长大了，可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
2. ever if, even though. 即使
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
3. whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
4. “no matter +疑问词” 或”疑问词+后缀ever”
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换: no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
比较状语从句
比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。
原级比较
1. as…as 和…一样
Jack is as tall as Bob.
捷克和汤姆一样高。
2. not so(as)…as …和不一样
She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.
她不如她姐姐外向。
比较：more…than (更)
This book is more instructive than that one.
这本书比那本书由教育意义。
最高级
1.The most…in/of
This book is the most interesting of the three.
这本书是三本中最有趣的。
2. the + 形容词+est…of/in
This road is the busiest street in our city.
这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。
方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as(按照)， as if,，as though引导。
1. as, 引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是”正如…”，”就像”，多用于正式文体，例如:
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
2. as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作”仿佛……似的”，”好像……似的”，例如:
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)
[说明]as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如:
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
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